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Base oil production methods : Base oils are the starting material for producing lubricants, and their properties greatly influence the performance and characteristics of the finished lubricant. They are typically derived from crude oil but can also be made from synthetic or bio-based sources. The process of extracting base oils from crude oil involves several steps, including crude oil selection and preparation, distillation, and refining. First, crude oil is heated and vaporized, then condensed through distillation. The distilled oil is refined using two different processes: extraction and conversion. Extraction involves deasphalting, solvent extraction, and hydro finishing. Conversion involves hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and hydrotreating. The main processes for manufacturing mineral base oil are solvent de-waxing (SDW) for paraffin wax removal and aromatic extraction for removing the aromatics and poly-aromatics from the desired base oil molecules. The yield of base oil depends on how much of the undesired components are present in the feedstock. The quality and yield of base oil are also strongly influenced by the crude oil selection. Base oils are typically created in four different viscosity grades within the refinery distillation process, which allows for the creation of various ISO and API viscosity grades.(Base oil production methods)

The main differences between mineral and synthetic base oils are as follows: (Base oil production methods)

Mineral Base Oils:

• Derived from crude oil through a refining process.
• Contains natural contaminants and unwanted hydrocarbons.
• Generally less expensive than synthetic base oils.
• Ideal for older vehicle models.
• Requires more frequent changes than synthetic base oils.
• Have a lower viscosity index than synthetic base oils.
• It has a darker natural color due to aromatics, sulfur, and other impurities.

Synthetic Base Oils:

• Created through complex chemical transformations performed on crude petroleum or preselected molecules.
• Contain fewer impurities than mineral-based oils.
• Generally more expensive than mineral-based oils.
• More durable and long-lasting than mineral base oils.
• Suitable for modern engines and often preferred as they are thinner.
• Have a higher viscosity index than mineral base oils.
• Have a transparent or white color due to the absence of impurities.

In summary, synthetic base oils are generally considered to be superior to mineral base oils due to their higher quality, durability, and performance. However, mineral base oils are still used in certain applications and can provide high-quality lubrication, especially for older vehicle models. The choice between mineral and synthetic base oils ultimately depends on the specific needs and requirements of the application.

Base oil production methods

There are several benefits of using synthetic base oils over mineral base oils, including:

1. Better performance at high temperatures: Synthetic base oils can outperform mineral oils at high operating temperatures (above 185 degrees F) [1]. They have a higher viscosity index, which means they maintain their viscosity better at high temperatures[5].
2. Longer service life: Synthetic base oils contain fewer impurities than mineral base oils, which makes them more stable and durable[3]. They also have a longer oxidation life[2].
3. Lower volatility: Synthetic base oils have lower volatility than mineral base oils, which means they evaporate less and provide better lubrication over time[2].
4. More energy efficient: Synthetic base oils have a lower coefficient of friction than mineral base oils, which means they require less energy to operate[2].
5. Suitable for modern engines: Synthetic base oils are thinner than mineral base oils, which makes them ideal for modern engines that require thinner oils[1].
6. Better low-temperature performance: Synthetic base oils show improved performance at low temperatures as compared with mineral oil[5]. They have good fluidity and pumpability and do not freeze during low temperatures.
7. More stable and durable: Synthetic base oils are more stable and durable products than mineral oils due to their composition[3]. They are also less prone to oxidation and thermal breakdown[4].

In summary, synthetic base oils offer several advantages over mineral base oils, including better performance at high temperatures, longer service life, lower volatility, more energy efficiency, suitability for modern engines, better low-temperature performance, and greater stability and durability. However, synthetic base oils are generally more expensive than mineral base oils, and their use must justify the additional cost.

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